Since the early seventeenth century, we realize that there are periods in the social life in which difficulties arise in the structures and the conduct of collective life that hinder your progress. E 'is known that during the seventeenth century the English monarchy clashed with financial difficulties and was facing serious economic problems that stemmed from the growth daily prices. As might be dark but we can not idealize the situation of earlier times, probably the Andalusian peasant, the weaver Segovia, workers burgalesi markets, have not found much better at other times. From the moment you see the man we call modern man, with his achievements on the nature and new ideas about society, begins to develop in him the ability to understand that the problems of the economy and other aspects of social life not go so well, and that could be better. The word "crisis" appears much earlier in the field of medicine, and the adjective 'critical' is beginning to be used in the early seventeenth century. It 's a term that, when we investigated relentlessly critical of the phenomena that is experienced, he writes copiously about them, that is the way to restore the affairs of the monarchy. Between the fifteenth and seventeenth century coincided with the period in which conditions are beginning to show the first type of pre-capitalist, arose the first type of cyclical economic crises which, at first, were seen a bit 'confused, but they were included as such, which allowed him to see that by manipulating the factors that caused the reversal of the situation, the most evident effects of the crisis disappeared. Therefore, if there is an improvement, it meant that he had managed to overcome the crisis, and that the "remedies" put in place in humans had somehow worked favorably. In the sixteenth century occur in some cases reversed with very favorable results to the end of the century, and this increases confidence in the reform of the human capacity, so that the praise, according to the old topos of dignitas hominis, will change shape , leading to the highest esteem for constructive man, able to correct and to create a new reality or economic nature.
Human intervention may help to improve a situation but may also worsen. The inadequate measures proposed by the government may also hinder the process of restoration a crisis, may indeed even provoke it. An anonymous written addressed to Philip IV around 1621 reflects this state of mind in all its aspects: "The negligence of those who govern is, without doubt, the cause of misfortune, and passage from which come all the ills and failures of a nation, and no, I think, is affected as much as ours, who live without any fear or suspicion of a ruin next, relying on a misplaced presumption. " The economic crisis does not cover all of the seventeenth century, but the social crisis and it extends beyond the limits. We speak of social crisis with regard to aspects that can be proven:
1) order of society in the seventeenth century there is alteration of the values \u200b\u200band the corresponding models.
2) whether any particular society requires the active or resigned acceptance of such values \u200b\u200band behaviors, their questioning carries with it varying degrees of alterations in the integration of individuals whom it is performed unequally.
3) in relation to the attempt to classify individuals and groups, fostering in them a feeling of oppression and anxiety, produce obvious effects of illness and more or less open opposition.
4) will produce changes in the relationships and constraints that bound individuals to each other, even more changes that seemed heavy to those who suffered.
5) appear critical background and denounce the malaise has raised, more or less frequently, some cases of deviant behavior and tensions between groups, which, if they reach a certain level of condensation, they explode in riots and sedition.
crisis occurs in all European countries, from Spain to France, from Germany to Italy, while in England until the crisis is still not prevail under the Revolution, the factors that were changing the structure of the country. Moreover, this crisis is common to all European countries during the century should not be considered as a new phenomenon resulting from the Thirty Years' War, as the crisis began much earlier, an interest bearing not involved in the war and was even more severe in countries that do not directly suffered the effects of the destruction and troops, and was not overcome by the restoration of peace.
The absolute monarchy to solve the social crisis
to restore a situation of civil peace you create a wide-ranging social forces tending to contain the dispersion that threaten to disrupt the traditional order. To this end, it has the hands of the powerful tool of absolute monarchy, probably already used to stop any movement in the Renaissance development, and that in the new circumstances of the crisis of the seventeenth century will be applied to defeat the various factors that attempt to overthrow the established order. Absolute monarchy becomes the keystone of the social system, we are in front of the absolutist regime of the Baroque, where the monarchy represents the apex of a set of interests noble restored, which is based on the supremacy of land ownership, which in turn is the basic system. None of this could simply mean a return to a feudal society dominated the aristocracy, as the nobles were in many respects equivalent to the rich landowners. Although the level of the nobility, it gave an indisputable superiority of the monarchy in hours increased by the central presence of other social strata. They had classes from which could spring the threat of destabilization, to avoid what could be just try to exercise control over them, and integrates in some way to the maintenance of large segments, involving them in his own defense, encouraging them to increase their tax effort: in short, by integrating these classes to the greatest extent possible, in a system that we have to consider like new. It is therefore the pyramid-feudal monarchy based proto-national companies which we call the Baroque.
The aristocracy in the seventeenth century
Although there are some values \u200b\u200bof the culture of chivalry, it is precisely the kind of society that promotes the Baroque culture. How monarchical absolutism can not be confused with the arbitrary system of capital feudal kingdom, so the culture of chivalry and Baroque culture can not overlap. The basic principle of a company ends up also dominate the economic activities. In France the nobility with his habits luxuries subtracts from the potential productive investments a significant proportion of revenue, worsening an economic crisis, and there will then require a reservation of seats of honor in public administration and calls for timely maintenance of the external signs - such as the dress - which distinguish individuals of different social strata. Therefore seeking to increase their territorial domains, and instead to devote to the exercise of manufacture or trade, confirms the concept prohibiting the compatibility of such activities with the privileges of nobility, if a law allows in the seventeenth century that the two are compatible, however, were few to enter the system, in some cases using an intermediary. In Spain, these facts are presented with more pronounced rigor.
Change
If all the values \u200b\u200bof the Baroque period was a time of "reaction of the nobility ', the phenomenon is accentuated in recent decades. Here is the reason and the sense of the system privilege with all sorts of benefits the notables in order to maintain order. It is believed that the decline and loss of power of the bourgeoisie during the first half of the seventeenth century are due to a strengthening of the calculated power the nobility, who, in order to find support, carrying with it's enriched so as to stop the other teams on the rise. Around 1620, "the independent merchant, who represented a prototype of the easy life, almost disappeared in Western Europe, from its ranks because few have gone out and climbed up, making the children, if they could not themselves, officials gentlemen, but the rest, who are the most, going to prisons and while taking note of their declared insolvency of their failure, have become the poor. In the seventeenth century the nobility recovers an important role, based on economic and social, in the reorganization of the absolutist monarchy. The monarchy has no doubt increased his political power, but we must keep in mind the compromise agreement with the nobility. There are several examples in which they persecute and punish the rebellious noble, but only in cases where it failed the requirement contract, which is collaboration and distribution of power between the king and the nobles, on which the regime in the seventeenth century. Not prosecuted nor in any way destroys the noble as such: on the contrary, he is always considered as the bone of the nation. Its privileges, except those purely political, remain in first place, the rights are those of elegant face to the farmers and preserves its full tax immunity. Absolutism not abolished the old hierarchical social order, modified, it is true, the relationship between the different classes and the king, but left unchanged the mutual relationship.
The Church introduces its code of morals "Christian" modes of behavior, interests celebrated aristocrats: ways that probably formed under the framework of the Christian Church of Rome throughout its history. Codest ideals in Spain Count-Duke is no different from those of the France of Richelieu: the other animated by a contempt for the bourgeoisie, which resisted all change, and a deep-seated revulsion against the populace.
's repertoire means that you need the baroque monarchy to be able to impose itself upon tension of opposing forces is very wide. From the physical repression, based on military strength, political supremacy of last resort, to the psychological mechanisms that affect consciousness and produce a repressed desire. Between these two extremes there are many different means, the use of which is surprising and perhaps only be explained with psychological and moral assumptions of the Baroque. When it occurred at Madrid some sacrilegious acts in different periods and even, in one case, two in one day and in different churches, repressive and punitive measures were taken to consist in eliminating the eight-day comedies and impose abstinence sexual.
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